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随着市场上对咖啡的需求的增加，咖啡业正在迅速增长。许多顾客要求从咖啡店购买优质产品。这个行业正在许多市场上发展。格洛丽亚·琼的咖啡的目标是小市场，包括18到26岁的年轻人。公司主要关注女性客户，因为一半的销售收入来自女性客户(Mitre ga, 2006)。

当前的战略、目标和股东:当前的战略是成为世界上最受尊敬、最受喜爱的咖啡公司。该公司致力于为客户提供高质量的咖啡。格洛丽亚·简的咖啡的主要目标是提供高品质的咖啡，并在充满活力的商店氛围中提供个性化和出色的服务。公司注重股东的价值。公司的股价在2016年有所上涨。竞争:主要竞争对手——格洛丽亚·吉恩的咖啡在市场上面临激烈的竞争，其主要竞争对手是星芭儿和佩雷格琳。

The coffee industry is increasing rapidly with the increase in the demand for coffee in the market. Many customers demand for quality products from coffee shops. The industry is developing in many markets. The target of Gloria Jean’s Coffee is small market segments which include young people between the ages of 18 to 26 years old. The company mainly focuses on the female customers because half of the sales revenue comes from the female customers (Mitręga, 2006).

Current Strategies, Objectives and Shareholders: The current strategy is to become the most respected and loved coffee company in the world. The company focuses on providing high-quality coffee to their customers. The main objective of Gloria Jean’s Coffee is to serve highest quality coffee and to provide personalized and outstanding service in the vibrant atmosphere of the store. The company focuses on the shareholder’s value. The share price of the company has increased in the year 2016. Competition: Major Competitors-The Gloria Jean’s Coffee is facing stiff competition in the market, and its major competitor is Starbuck and Peregrine’s.

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这是说，在许多情况下，承认机会的过程反映了这个企业家(Fini et al.， 2014)。在这里，将讨论两个这样的情况，其中将讨论思想发展过程和机会识别过程。当Bob发现澳大利亚的经济正在遭受痛苦，并且随后成为大多数企业(Carland et al.， 2015)时，他就产生了渡轮业务的最初想法。这使他能够将他长期以来所说的水运的兴趣转变为一种可持续的职业。

随着轮渡业务的发展和两艘渡轮的日常运营，塔斯曼大桥在1975年(Kirzner, 2015年)倒塌。这进一步促使人们认识到鲍勃在2年的时间内为900多万人的旅行提供便利的机会。轮渡业务的增长进一步导致了将当地业务转变为国际品牌的想法(Fisher et al.， 2014)。因此，5艘渡轮被投入运营，以获取当地市场份额。此外，他还与一位海军工程师合作，进一步提升InCat品牌(Kozubikova et al.， 2015)。这也显示了他在每一步抓住机会的方式。研究人员表示，创业者总是在寻找机会，而创意开发的过程是识别机遇的积极产物，这一点在Bob的案例中很明显。

It is to assert that the process of recognizing opportunity reflects in many cases when it comes to this entrepreneur (Fini et al., 2014). Here, two such situations will be discussed in which the idea development process and opportunity recognition process is reflected. The initial idea of ferry business was generated by Bob when he identified that the economy of Australia is suffering and subsequently the majority of businesses (Carland et al., 2015). It enabled him to convert his long termed interest of water transport into a sustainable career. As the ferry business was developed and two ferries were operated on a daily basis, a Tasman Bridge had collapsed in the year of 1975 (Kirzner, 2015). This further led to recognition of an opportunity that was taken by Bob through facilitating the travel of more than 9 million individuals during the time frame of 2 years.

The growth in the ferry business further leads to the idea development of transforming the local business into an international brand (Fisher et al., 2014). Therefore, five ferries were made operational to capture the local market share. Besides, he partnered with one of the naval engineer to further enhance the brand of InCat (Kozubíková et al., 2015). This also shows the manner in which he grasped the opportunities at each step. According to the researchers, entrepreneurs are always looking for opportunities to exploit and the process of idea development is a positive product of recognizing opportunities and this has been evident in the case Bob.

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研究发现，罗伯特·鲍勃·弗雷德里克·克利福德·奥博士出生在澳大利亚的塔斯马尼亚岛(Carland and Carland, 2015)。鲍勃有三个儿子，分别是克雷格、金和罗汉。在最初的几年里，鲍勃是一名专门的游艇爱好者，喜欢在学校、周末和学校假期(Carland et al.， 2015)中航行。当鲍勃开始工作的时候，他觉得他的帆船运动很痛苦。在上学期间，鲍勃在几个科目上都失败了，这让他很惊讶，因为他甚至在木工方面都失败了。他的父亲是屠夫，在很大程度上没有帮助鲍勃。当他在起居室里(Fisher et al.， 2014)制作了一艘14英尺长的木船时，这位木工老师大吃一惊。在他退休后，大部分童年时光都是和他父亲一起度过的。

在这之后，他说服自己继续留在水里，因为他已经钓了十年了。正是这种对水和航行的热情不仅激发了鲍勃，也创造了他的创业激情(Kozubikova et al.， 2015)。鲍勃已经开始在他的房子的后院建造渡船在它被商业化之前。他从事渡轮业务大约八年，并专门花时间设计和建造渔船和帆船或渡轮(Carland et al.， 2015)。因此，人们可以认为，正是由于对水运的强烈热情，才使鲍勃获得了他所取得的成功。当塔斯曼大桥于1975年坍塌时，鲍勃最终运营了两个轮渡业务，提升到五艘渡轮。

It has been identified from the research that Dr. Robert Bob Frederick Clifford AO was born in Tasmania, Australia (Carland and Carland, 2015). Bob has three sons namely Craig, Kim and Rohan. In the initial years, Bob was a dedicated yachtsman that enjoyed sailing after the school, during weekends, and school holidays (Carland et al., 2015). When Bob started to work, he felt that his sailing activities are suffering. During the schooling, Bob had failed in several subjects and this was surprising as he even failed in woodwork. His father was a butcher and did not assist Bob in much of the efforts. The woodwork teacher was taken by a surprise when he delivered a 14 foot long wooden boat that he developed in the living room (Fisher et al., 2014). Much of the childhood was spent with his father after his retirement on fishing.

After this, he convinced himself to remain on the water due to which he was fishing for over a decade. It is the passion for being on water and sailing that has not only motivated Bob but also created his entrepreneurial passion (Kozubíková et al., 2015). Bob has initiated to build the ferries in the backyard of his house before it was commercialized. He entered in the business of ferries for about eight years and dedicated the time to design and build boats for fishing and sailing or ferries (Carland et al., 2015). Therefore, it can be considered that it was the strong passion for the water transport that provided with the pathway to Bob for the success that he has attained. Bob eventually operated two ferry operations that enhanced to five ferries as the Tasman Bridge collapsed in 1975.

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在自由化之前，许多银行被迫使用配额信贷。对贷款和利率有控制。这必然意味着银行不会使用价格来将贷款供应和需求因素联系起来。由于这一点，对债务的需求增加了。这通常意味着有更多的借款人只是被延长了。由于放松管制，有必要减少信贷。在放松管制的同时，经济活动中出现了周期性回升。他们被发现分享利润。基本面的改善被认为是真实资产价格的合理增长(Booth et al.， 2001)。这些都被发现是投机性的增长，而不是由基本面决定的。在公司内部，资产价格的增加被发现为提高杠杆率提供了一种动力，这是由于名义利息的税收可抵扣性。这些名义利息支付被发现在这两个部分之间是分开的。如果借贷利率被发现增加更多的通货膨胀，可以增加税收减免，通货膨胀可以创造。这些可以被更高的借贷成本完全抵消。

还有一种综合措施衡量债务的实际成本。在均衡的情况下，债务的成本被发现会给溢价带来风险。它们必须等于所有者权益的成本。但是，平衡条件不是连续的。在发现借款利率随通货膨胀而增加的情况下，将增加税收减免。这些被发现完全被较高的借贷成本所抵消。当发现债务的成本上升时，就会发现它们相对于股票的成本。这些预计将随着传动装置的增加而增加。

这些都是公司层面和宏观环境分析的一部分，需要考虑到公司的资本结构。

Before liberalization, many of the banks were forced to utilize the ration credit. There were controls on the lending and interest rates. This invariably meant banks will not use prices to associate the loan supply along with the demand factors. Owing to this there is increased demand for the debt. This is often meant to mean that there are higher numbers of borrowers that are simply lengthened. Owing to the deregulation there is a need to ration credit disappeared. In the same time in the deregulation there was a cyclical pick-up within economic activity. These were found to share towards the profits. The improvement in the fundamentals is found to be legitimate increase in the real asset prices (Booth et al., 2001). These are found to set of speculative increases and not justified by the fundamentals. Within the firm the increase in the asset prices are found to provide an incentive towards the higher leverages owing to the tax deductibility of the nominal interest. These nominal interest payments are found to be separated between the two components.

If the borrowing rates are found to increase more with the inflation there can be increased tax deduction that the inflation can create. These can be completely offset by the higher borrowing costs. There is also the aggregate measure of the real cost of debt with the aggregate measure. In the cases of equilibrium, the cost of debt is found to put risk on the premium. They must be equal to the cost of equity. However, the equilibrium conditions are not continuous. In the cases where the borrowing rates are found to increase with the inflation there will be increased tax deduction. These are found to be completely offset by the higher borrowing costs. When the costs of the debt are found to be rising, it is found that they are relative to the cost of the equity. These are expected to be increased with the gearing. These are some of the firm level and the macro environmental analysis that needs to be considered with the case of capital structure of the firm.

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通过对楔形分析的简单和完整方法的分析，确定了楔形法的理论分析方法。通过使用似乎使用非垂直接口的多个楔子，可以清楚地看到这一点。将广义楔入法确定为力和力矩平衡，并与动力学条件进行解释。充分调动的力量是充分的结构在分离的楔形和成就的楔形是适当的允许说明楔形的可容许性。阐述了初始楔形基方法的结构，提出了初始楔形基的解决方案和问题。该模型的结构是建立在模型的基础上的，是基于广义模型的，对边坡稳定性分析具有一定的适用性。

在安全性方面，可以很容易地定义受欢迎的因素，并说明了在抗剪强度上可用的数量。为了使边坡达到极限平衡的初始状态，必须降低剪切强度的大小。因此，在有效剪切的概念下，可以很容易地表达出破坏表面的剪应力。 t = 1 / F *(c ‘ + ‘ tanØ’) 在考虑坡度的情况下，将其斜率表示为具有相变表面的均质材料，并将其离散化为3个楔形。自由身体图简单地解释了个体的楔形，并指示作用在它们上的力，显示了被动员的剪切力和摩擦强度被用来定义作用在每个楔形上的力。个人符号可以被增强的定义描述我=编号,l =两边的长度,ξ=动员剪切强度的内聚组件的内部表面,如果=动员的内聚组件剪切强度和外部故障似乎封闭质量下滑。

The theoretical analysis of the Wedge method is defined by way of the analysis which is being made by the illustrating the simple and the complete method of the wedge analysis. It is clearly demonstrated by using the multiple wedges that seem to be using the non-vertical interfaces. The generalized wedge method is determined to be the force and the moment equilibrium which is made to be explained along with the kinetic conditions. The fully mobilized strengths are fully structured on both the separation of the wedges and the achievement of the wedges is appropriately allowed for illustrating the admissibility of the wedges. The structure of the initial wedge based methods was illustrated to be addressing the solutions and the problems which are illustrating to be initial wedge based solutions. The structure, for the purpose of constituting the model, is illustrated to be based on the generalized model which is adequate for the slope stability analysis.

The well-accepted factors can be easily defined regarding the safety, and the amount is illustrated to be available on the shear strength. The amount of the shear strength must be reduced for the purpose of bringing the slope to its initial state of the limiting equilibrium. Due to this, the shear stress on the failure surface can be easily expressed concerning effective shear concept.
t = 1/F*(c’+a’ tanØ’) As per the slope is being considered, the slope is indicated to be made up of the homogeneous materials with a phreatic surface and the discretization into the three wedges can be depicted. The free body diagrams simply explain the individual wedges and indicate the forces that are acting on them with showing the mobilized shear and the frictional strength is being used for defining the forces acting on each wedge. The individual symbols can be depicted by the enhancement of the definition which is i= side numbering, l= length of the sides, Xi= mobilization of the cohesive component of the shear strength at the internal surfaces, Si= Mobilization of the cohesive component of the shear strength and the outer failure that seems to be enclosing the slipping mass.

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公司或其他公司层面的投资通常是由公司组织根据研究的金融组合进行的。任何投资的目标都是确保公司有公平的回报和最大的价值。在理解投资方面的观点，比如他讨论的过度投资和投资不足，可以用上下文来分析。在投资不足的情况下，可能会发生这样的情况:投资的净现值将会增加到债券持有者身上。股东收益在这里受到冲击。这就导致了杠杆率更高的情况;然而，这种情况发生的代价是财务灵活性的降低。有了这一点，一个提供增长机会的微环境问题也会被添加进来，从而导致更多的问题需要处理。然后，经理们可能会采取杠杆比率的预防措施，导致投资与之前提到的杠杆之间的负关系效应。因此，投资必须谨慎决定。

注意过度投资的情况。在过度投资的情况下，管理者和股东之间可能存在冲突问题。这些冲突背后的原因是，一些集团希望将负面的NPV投资视为改善公司规模的一种方式。在围绕公司资本结构的诸多问题的背景下，本文为伦敦的一家投资公司准备了一份报告，该公司对影响公司资本结构决策的因素进行了调查。选择分析的国家是联合王国，并根据公司的水平和宏观经济分析，向管理委员会提出相关的调查结果和相关性。详细的理论资料也为观众的利益而增加。

Financing in firms or other corporate level investments are usually carried out by corporate organisations based on well researched financial mix. The goal of any investment is to ensure that there is a fair return and maximisation of value for the firm. The argument of Myers in the context of understanding investments for instance, where he discusses over investments and under-investment’s, can be analysed in context. In the case of under-investment, it could so happen that positive net present values in investment will accrue to debt holders. The accrual to shareholders takes a hit here. This causes the situation of a higher leverage ratio; however, this happens at the cost of less financial flexibility. With this, the issues of a micro environment that offers for growth opportunities also gets added in, leading to more issues to handle. Then managers might end up taking preventive action in leverage ratios, causing negative relationship effects between investment and the leverage that was noted earlier.

Investment hence has to be carefully decided upon. Secondly, note the case of over investment. In the case of over investment, it is possible that there could be issues of conflict between managers and shareholders. The reasoning behind these conflicts is because some groups would want to look into negative NPV investment as a way to improve the scale of the firm. In the context of the many issues surrounding a company’s capital structuring, this report is prepared for an investment company in London for which an investigation into factors affecting company’s capital structure decisions are assessed. The country chosen for analysis is the United Kingdom, and based on firm level and macroeconomic analysis, findings and correlations of relevance are presented to the management board. Detailed theoretical material is also added for the benefit of the audience.

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通过上述讨论和文献回顾，发现在认识到投资收益的机会时，股票市场泡沫基本形成。这个机会可以是基于新技术或新市场，而大多数投资者追随最初的投资者，比如行为。以下投资者在没有对股票进行个人分析的情况下进行投资，只是在成本上升的基础上购买。人们发现，股票价格的上涨提供了投资者继续购买股票和其他投资者以利用不断上涨的价格的动机。然而，在试图实现利润最大化的过程中，投资者的认同往往忽略了估值过高的问题。由于股票市场是动态运作的，它们与积极和消极的反馈有关。

因此，投资的积累形成了一个积极的反馈回路，并将投资对象纳入到价格波动中。然而，股票市场的自我调整或调整发生在价格的增加吸引投资者卖出股票并限制投资者以更高的价格买入股票的时候。由于市场上出现了积极的反馈，市场上出现了不均衡状态，投资者的恐慌导致了股票的卖出数量的增加，这种波动是有限的。这种经济价值高估导致价格降低到股票的内在价值。这可以从本文讨论的股市泡沫中得出结论。

It is established through the above discussion and review of the literature that the stock market bubbles are essentially formed when the opportunity for the investment profitability is recognised. The opportunity can be either based on new technologies or new markets and majority of the investors follow the initial investors in a herd like behaviour. The following investors make their investment without conducting their personal analysis on the stock and simply buy it on the basis of the rising cost. It is found that the rising prices of the stock provides with the motivation to the investors to keep buying the stock and other investors to capitalise on the growing prices. However, in the attempt to maximise the profits, the concern of the overvaluation is often ignored after identification by the investors.