加拿大代写毕业论文归档 - 第23页共29页

美国公司各种资本结构的描述性统计。这表明，大多数美国公司的资本结构都是长期负债，而非负债。对于大多数变量来说，意义的级别并不重要。一些资本结构变量如销售，负债，资产是决定公司资本结构的重要因素，而不考虑国家。净销售额、负债、债务和资产是任何公司的增长因素。在这种情况下，美国所有公司的资产和负债相关性几乎为零。资本结构清楚地表明了负债在资产负债表中的价值。

债务或者说是杠杆是任何公司资本结构的重要组成部分。R . vale指出，长期债务是美国所有公司资本结构的关键因素。债务与其他公司的可变资产的价值和现金储备。上述分析表明，债务相当于其资产，因此资本结构在较长时期内是强劲的。债务对美国许多公司的价值相当于公司资产的贝塔值。这有利于公司资本结构的财务理论。公司的资本结构是重要的部分，因为这有助于金融当局和政府在更长的时间内决定公司的实力。所有未来的投资都取决于公司强大的资本结构。在上述情况下，美国的大多数公司都是通过降低杠杆率来关注其强大的资本结构。总的来说，这一分析得出的结论是，美国公司高度依赖其资产、收入和股权投资。

Descriptive statistics for various capital structures for the firms in USA
This indicates that most of the US Firms have long term debt than liabilities in their capital structure. The level of significance for most of the variable is not important. Some of the capital structure variables like sales, liabilities, assets are the important factors in deciding the company’s capital structure irrespective of the country.
The net sales, liabilities, debts and assets are the growth factors for any company. In this case, the assets and liabilities correlations are almost zero for all companies in USA. The capital structure clearly indicates the value of debt in their balance sheet.

Debt or say as leverage is the important part in any firm’s capital structure. The R vale indicates that long term debt is the critical factor in the capital structure among all the firms in USA. The debt against all other firm’s variable where the value of assets and its cash & reserve. The above analysis indicates that debt is equivalent to its assets and hence the capital structure is strong for longer term. The value of debt to many of the firms in USA is equivalent to the firm’s assets as indicated through the beta value. This is in favor of the financial theories for the firm’s capital structure. Capital structure of the firms is the significant part as this helps the financial authorities and the governments to decide the strengthening of the firm in longer term. All future investments depend on the strong capital structure of the firm. In the above scenario, it is indicated that in USA most of the firms focus on their strong capital structure by reducing their leverage. Overall, it is concluded in this analysis that USA firms are highly dependent on its assets, revenue and equity based investments.

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在自由化之前，许多银行被迫使用配额信贷。对贷款和利率有控制。这必然意味着银行不会使用价格来将贷款供应和需求因素联系起来。由于这一点，对债务的需求增加了。这通常意味着有更多的借款人只是被延长了。由于放松管制，有必要减少信贷。在放松管制的同时，经济活动中出现了周期性回升。他们被发现分享利润。基本面的改善被认为是真实资产价格的合理增长(Booth et al.， 2001)。这些都被发现是投机性的增长，而不是由基本面决定的。在公司内部，资产价格的增加被发现为提高杠杆率提供了一种动力，这是由于名义利息的税收可抵扣性。这些名义利息支付被发现在这两个部分之间是分开的。如果借贷利率被发现增加更多的通货膨胀，可以增加税收减免，通货膨胀可以创造。这些可以被更高的借贷成本完全抵消。

还有一种综合措施衡量债务的实际成本。在均衡的情况下，债务的成本被发现会给溢价带来风险。它们必须等于所有者权益的成本。但是，平衡条件不是连续的。在发现借款利率随通货膨胀而增加的情况下，将增加税收减免。这些被发现完全被较高的借贷成本所抵消。当发现债务的成本上升时，就会发现它们相对于股票的成本。这些预计将随着传动装置的增加而增加。

这些都是公司层面和宏观环境分析的一部分，需要考虑到公司的资本结构。

Before liberalization, many of the banks were forced to utilize the ration credit. There were controls on the lending and interest rates. This invariably meant banks will not use prices to associate the loan supply along with the demand factors. Owing to this there is increased demand for the debt. This is often meant to mean that there are higher numbers of borrowers that are simply lengthened. Owing to the deregulation there is a need to ration credit disappeared. In the same time in the deregulation there was a cyclical pick-up within economic activity. These were found to share towards the profits. The improvement in the fundamentals is found to be legitimate increase in the real asset prices (Booth et al., 2001). These are found to set of speculative increases and not justified by the fundamentals. Within the firm the increase in the asset prices are found to provide an incentive towards the higher leverages owing to the tax deductibility of the nominal interest. These nominal interest payments are found to be separated between the two components.

If the borrowing rates are found to increase more with the inflation there can be increased tax deduction that the inflation can create. These can be completely offset by the higher borrowing costs. There is also the aggregate measure of the real cost of debt with the aggregate measure. In the cases of equilibrium, the cost of debt is found to put risk on the premium. They must be equal to the cost of equity. However, the equilibrium conditions are not continuous. In the cases where the borrowing rates are found to increase with the inflation there will be increased tax deduction. These are found to be completely offset by the higher borrowing costs. When the costs of the debt are found to be rising, it is found that they are relative to the cost of the equity. These are expected to be increased with the gearing. These are some of the firm level and the macro environmental analysis that needs to be considered with the case of capital structure of the firm.

代写论文-数值分析

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数值分析:采用有限元法计算边坡的位移场和应力场。因此，各元素的稳定性系数和滑动面均采用岩石和土壤强度准则计算。工程应用类比:与实际坡度设计的人工坡度比较。对其稳定性进行了评价，得出了合理的坡度和坡度角。

楔形法是最简单的边坡稳定性分析方法。平面滑移面在楔形破坏中，斜向水平方向倾斜。在平面面情况下，滑移交叉口可以在坡面进行分析，或通过坡脚。伪静态分析的安全系数可以通过以下方式得到: 总应力分析包括土的应力参数，通常为粘性土的应力参数。在有效应力分析中，通常为无粘性土进行有效的应力土参数。因此，为了达到以下目的，应该知道孔隙水压力和滑移面。水位以上的土层和孔隙水压力假定为零。如果水表处于水平位置，而土壤在地下水位以下，则水表下方的孔隙水压力为流体静力。倾斜水位下的流网可以估算为地下水位以下的孔隙水压力。该方法被认为是估计边坡稳定性的最简单形式。计算是基于楔形法的。在对研究进行的分析中，分析清楚地解释了研究中解释的方法的结构。该机制的改进为计算边坡确定的故障提供了合适的机制。水的压力可以很容易地说明结构强度。

Numerical analysis: The finite element method is used to calculate the displacement field and stress field of the slope.Hence, the stability coefficient of each element and the sliding surface are calculated by using the rock and soil strength criterion. Practical engineering applications analogy: Comparison of the man-made slope which is designed with the practical slopes. These are experienced to evaluate its stability, produce a reasonable slope and slope angle.

Wedge method: Wedge method is the simplest analysis about the slope stability. Planar slip surface is there in the wedge failure which inclined at the angle to the horizontal. In the case of the planar surface, slip intersection can analyse at the slope face or pass through slope toe. The safety factor for the pseudo-static analysis can be obtained by the following way: The total stress analysis includes the stress parameters of the soil which is often performed for the cohesive soils. In the effective stress analysis, the effective stress soil parameters are often performed for the cohesionless soils. Thus, for the following purpose, the pore water pressures along with the slip surface should be known. The soil layers above the water table and the pore water pressures are assumed to be zero. If the water table is in the horizontal position and soil is below the water table, then the pore water pressure below the water table would be hydrostatic. The flow net in the sloping water table can be estimated as the pore water pressures below the water table. The method is considered as the simplest form for the estimation of the slope stability. The calculation is based on the wedge method. As per the analysis is being undertaken for the study, the analysis clearly explains the structure of the method which is being explained by the study. The enhancement of the mechanism provides the appropriate mechanism for calculating the slope defined failures. The pressure of the water can be easily illustrated for the structural strength.

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公司或其他公司层面的投资通常是由公司组织根据研究的金融组合进行的。任何投资的目标都是确保公司有公平的回报和最大的价值。在理解投资方面的观点，比如他讨论的过度投资和投资不足，可以用上下文来分析。在投资不足的情况下，可能会发生这样的情况:投资的净现值将会增加到债券持有者身上。股东收益在这里受到冲击。这就导致了杠杆率更高的情况;然而，这种情况发生的代价是财务灵活性的降低。有了这一点，一个提供增长机会的微环境问题也会被添加进来，从而导致更多的问题需要处理。然后，经理们可能会采取杠杆比率的预防措施，导致投资与之前提到的杠杆之间的负关系效应。因此，投资必须谨慎决定。

注意过度投资的情况。在过度投资的情况下，管理者和股东之间可能存在冲突问题。这些冲突背后的原因是，一些集团希望将负面的NPV投资视为改善公司规模的一种方式。在围绕公司资本结构的诸多问题的背景下，本文为伦敦的一家投资公司准备了一份报告，该公司对影响公司资本结构决策的因素进行了调查。选择分析的国家是联合王国，并根据公司的水平和宏观经济分析，向管理委员会提出相关的调查结果和相关性。详细的理论资料也为观众的利益而增加。

Financing in firms or other corporate level investments are usually carried out by corporate organisations based on well researched financial mix. The goal of any investment is to ensure that there is a fair return and maximisation of value for the firm. The argument of Myers in the context of understanding investments for instance, where he discusses over investments and under-investment’s, can be analysed in context. In the case of under-investment, it could so happen that positive net present values in investment will accrue to debt holders. The accrual to shareholders takes a hit here. This causes the situation of a higher leverage ratio; however, this happens at the cost of less financial flexibility. With this, the issues of a micro environment that offers for growth opportunities also gets added in, leading to more issues to handle. Then managers might end up taking preventive action in leverage ratios, causing negative relationship effects between investment and the leverage that was noted earlier.