加拿大考古学论文代写：塑料袋使用

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加拿大考古学论文代写：塑料袋使用

1977年塑料袋闯入超市。从那时起，塑料袋的使用正走向巨大的需求。以上每年塑料袋使用量的数据可以用另一种方式表示，即每人每4天半使用一个塑料袋，或每分钟使用100万个塑料袋。家庭垃圾的三分之一是塑料包装和塑料袋。由于程序困难和回收成本高，塑料袋通常不回收。因此，每分钟有100万个塑料袋被丢弃在垃圾填埋场或水中。在垃圾填埋场，塑料袋需要1000年才能分解。其次，研究表明，在海洋中，每平方英里漂浮着46,000个塑料碎片/袋子/包装(Roach, 2003)。这些塑料碎片在水中添加了有毒化学物质，对海洋生物是致命的(Perkins, 2010)。此外，大量的石油正被用于制造这些可用于其他建设性目的的塑料袋。塑料袋的制造过程释放有害气体，污染空气(Dincer, 1998)。因此，有必要设计一个有效的经济政策来控制塑料袋造成的环境污染。

加拿大考古学论文代写：塑料袋使用
为了避免上述在澳大利亚国内过度使用塑料袋的后果，澳大利亚政府有责任实施一项经济政策，以实现市场的平衡和环境的可持续性。这份报告建议对塑料袋的消费征税。使用塑料袋的人，无论他是生产者、零售商还是消费者，都必须支付正的金额。在上面的图表的帮助下，有些事情是可以理解的。标为“b”的点是市场均衡点，在不征税的情况下(目前情况)，超供图满足市场均衡。此时假设塑料袋的数量为Qo(从b到数量轴的直线)。之后，如果对塑料袋征税，市场平衡就会丧失，供应就会上升。很明显，供给的上升将导致数量轴上的下降。因此，减少使用的塑料袋的数量是通过对塑料袋征税来实现的。另一个重要的因素可以通过上面的图表来检验，那就是生产者和消费者所支付的额外金额的比例。上面的矩形显示的是客户支付的金额，下面的方框显示的是生产商支付的金额。

加拿大考古学论文代写：塑料袋使用

Plastic bags intruded in super markets in 1977. Since then, the use of plastic bag is going towards massive demand. The above figure of plastic bags usage per year can be said in other way as every person uses one plastic bag in every 4 and a half days, or 1 million plastic bags used in a minute. The one third part of garbage of household contains plastic packaging and bags. The plastic bags are not usually recycled due to difficult procedure and high cost of recycling. Therefore, these 1 million plastic bags per minute are discarded at landfills or in water. At landfills, plastic bags take up to 1 thousand years to break down. Secondly, research has shown that in oceans, there are 46,000 plastic pieces/bags/packaging floating over every square mile (Roach, 2003). These plastic pieces adds toxic chemical in water, which are lethal to marine life (Perkins, 2010). Moreover, a generous amount of petroleum is being used for manufacturing of these plastic bags which could be used for other constructive purposes. The manufacturing process of plastic bags releases harmful gases and pollutes the air as well (Dincer, 1998). Therefore, it is necessary to devise an efficient economic policy to control environmental pollution created by plastic bags.

加拿大考古学论文代写：塑料袋使用
To avoid the above discussed consequences of excessive use of plastic bags within Australia, government of Australia is responsible of applying an economic policy to attain equilibrium in the market and sustainability of environment. This report suggests that there should be a tax on consumption of plastic bags. A person, whether he is producer, retailer or consumer who uses plastic bags must pay a positive amount for it.There are certain things which can be understood with the help of the above graph. The point marked with ‘b’ is the point of market equilibrium where suppluand demand graphs meet when no taxes are applied (present condition). At this point assume that the quantity of plastic bags is Qo (a straight line from b to quantity axis). Afterwards, if taxes are being applied on plastic bags, market equilibrium is lost and there is an upward shift in supply. It is evident that an upward shift in supply will lead to a decreased amount on quantity axis. Thus, reduction in quantities of plastic bags being used is achieved through imposition of tax on plastic bags. Another important factor which can be examined through above graph is the portion of added amount paid by producer and consumer. The above rectangle in the graph shows the portion of amount paid by customer and the lower box shows the amount paid by producer.

加拿大动画学论文代写：英国工业历史

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加拿大动画学论文代写：英国工业历史

The Great Exhibition是1851年英国举办的第一次国际工业博览会(Purbrick, 2008)。整个展览被安置在一个完全由铁和玻璃组成的巨大结构中。据说这个建筑是为了向英国的工程技术致敬而建造的(Defoe, 2005)。在英国历史上，这座建筑被称为水晶宫，占地19英亩，展出了约10万件展品，代表了英国工业革命时期的各种产品。在六个月的时间里，超过600万人参观了博览会(Mayhew, 2010)。大多数游客乘火车去伦敦，外国游客居多。这一事件向世界展示了英国的财富;它是英国人成功的重要象征。树木也与水晶宫一起展示，象征着工业革命对自然的统治(笛福，2005;梅休,2010)。在描述阿尔伯特亲王的伟大展览时，维多利亚女王的丈夫提到:“人类正在更全面地履行他在这个世界上所履行的伟大和神圣的使命……用他的力量征服自然”(Purbrick, 2008)。

加拿大动画学论文代写：英国工业历史
到1851年底，英国成为世界上最富有的工业国家。世界上一半的煤炭和工业产品是在英国生产的。英国工业生产的棉花等于欧洲所有其他国家生产的全部棉花的总和。1851年英国的产量是1780年的三倍。因此，英国正以更快的速度走向其物质故事的成功(Purbrick, 2008;梅休,2010)。这次大型展览的水晶宫是由铸铁和平板玻璃结构组成的。该设计由Joseph Paxton提出，结构长1851英尺(564米)，内部高度约128英尺(39米)。1848年，铸板玻璃工艺的发明使得以较低的价格生产大玻璃板成为可能，但强度很好。它曾被用来建造一个巨大的玻璃结构的形式的建筑是游客最大的娱乐。

加拿大动画学论文代写：英国工业历史

The Great Exhibition was the first industrial fair being organized by the British at an international level in the year 1851 (Purbrick, 2008). The entire exhibition was housed within a massive structure entirely made up of iron and glass. It is said that the structure was built to pay a tribute to the engineering skills of Britain (Defoe, 2005). The structure is known in the history of Britain as the Crystal Palace which covered an area of 19 acres and housed around 100, 000 exhibits that represented extensive assortments of products, which were created during the time of Industrial Revolution of Britain. Within a span of six months more than 6 million people visited the fair (Mayhew, 2010). Majority of the visitors travelled to London by train and foreign visitors were in majority. The event displayed wealth of Britain to the world; it was a very prominent and huge symbol of success among the British. Trees were also displayed with the Crystal palace to symbolize that Industrial revolution had domination over nature (Defoe, 2005; Mayhew, 2010). While describing the Great Exhibition Prince Albert, Husband of Queen Victoria mentioned that:“Man is approaching a more complete fulfilment of that great and sacred mission which he has perform in this world…………to conquer nature to his use” (Purbrick, 2008).

加拿大动画学论文代写：英国工业历史
By the end of the year 1851, Britain became the richest industrial country around the globe. Half of the world’s coal and manufactured goods were produced in Britain. The cotton produced by the industries in Britain was as equal to the quantities of total cotton goods produced by all the other countries of Europe taken together. Britain was producing three times in the year 1851 compared to what it used to produce in the year 1780. Thus, Britain was running faster towards the success of its material story (Purbrick, 2008; Mayhew, 2010). The Crystal palace where the Great Exhibition was showcased was made up of cast iron and plate glass structure. The design was conceptualized by Joseph Paxton and the structure was 1,851 feet (564 metre) in length and had an interior height of around 128 feet (39 metre). In the year 1848, the invention of cast plate glass process made it possible to produce large glass sheets at a cheaper price, but the strength was good. It had been used to create such a massive glass structure in the form of a building was the greatest amusement for the visitors.

加拿大动物科学论文代写：组织工程

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加拿大动物科学论文代写：组织工程

组织工程是一门新兴的生物材料领域。组织工程是指将细胞、胶原和支架结合，使其生长成结缔组织(Hubbell, 1995)。这些组织工程产品是通过收集接受者自身的一小部分组织而形成的。这种药物没有免疫排斥反应，因为是植入组织而不是移植。生理条件和无菌环境是组织工程的关键要求。有一些特定类型的皮肤产品，其中脱细胞的皮肤产品在许多方面是有用的。脱细胞的皮肤产品在美容手术和烧伤皮肤的有效修复和恢复中非常有用。损伤皮肤的机械护理和宿主结缔组织的有效发育也是其显著的益处(Su et al.， 2014)。取供体组织，杀伤细胞，同时保持细胞外基质(ECM)不受损伤，得到天然ECM支架，制成脱细胞产品。然后在供体祖细胞的帮助下使ECM支架再细胞化，使其具有免疫安全性(Crapo, Gilbert和Badylak, 2011)。

加拿大动物科学论文代写：组织工程
为了使这些脱细胞产品在病人需要时随时可用，有必要保存和储存它们。冷冻干燥是储存的过程之一。冷冻干燥过程是一种脱水过程。它的工作原理是将材料冷冻到极低的温度，并降低周围的压力，然后将水的含量从固体升华为气体。这种冻干的材料可以密封，然后在室温下保存几年(Mellor, 1978)。在工业上，冷冻干燥是一个漫长的过程，因为每个阶段都需要大量的时间来完成。据科学家观察，一个900毫升的烧瓶需要48小时才能冷冻干燥。因此，这是一个缓慢的过程。另一个主要缺点是工业冷冻干燥装置的成本。冷冻干燥机的成本使其成为一个昂贵的过程，需要大量的电力/电力需求(Sheridan, Duffy and Murphy, 2013)。因此，可以明显的得出结论，用这种方法代替冷冻干燥工艺可以大大提高生产成本和生产时间，而且成本更低，耗时更短。

加拿大动物科学论文代写：组织工程

Tissue Engineering is a field which emerged from parent-field biomaterials development. Tissue engineering refers to the combining of cells, collagens, and scaffolds and bringing them to growth of connective tissues (Hubbell, 1995). The tissue engineered products are formed from harvesting small tissue portion of the recipient himself. This kind of medication is free from immunological rejection, as implantation of tissues has been conducted rather than transplantation. Physiological conditions and sterile environment are key requirements of tissue engineering.There are certain types of skin products, among which decellularized skin products are useful in a number of ways. Decellularized skin products are useful in cosmetic surgeries and effective repair and restoration of burnt skin. Mechanical care of damaged skin and effective development of host-derived connective tissues are also its significant benefits (Su et al., 2014). Decelularized skin products are created by taking donor tissue and killing the cells while keeping extracellular matrix (ECM) undamaged to get natural ECM scaffold. This ECM scaffold is then recellularized with the help of progenitor cells of donor, which makes it immunologically safe (Crapo, Gilbert and Badylak, 2011).

加拿大动物科学论文代写：组织工程
To keep these decellularized products readily available to the patient when needed, it is necessary to preserve and store them. Freeze drying is one of the processes used for storing. Freeze drying process is a kind of dehydration. It works by freezing the material to extremely lowered temperature, and lowered surrounding pressure and then sublimating the water contents from solid to gas. This freeze dried material can be sealed and then stored at room temperature to preserve for several years (Mellor, 1978). On industrial level, freeze drying is a lengthy process as each stage takes generous time for completion. It has been observed by scientists that a 900 ml flask will take 48 hours to freeze dry. Hence it is a slow process. Another major drawback is the cost of industrial freeze drying setup. The cost of freeze dryers makes it an expensive process with a substantial amount of power/ electricity requirement (Sheridan, Duffy and Murphy, 2013). Therefore, it is obvious conclusion that the production cost and production time can be dramatically improved by replacing the freeze drying process by the way, which is much cheaper and much less time consuming.