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通过这个报告确定,企业家是出于钓鱼和在渡船的儿童活动,鼓励和发展一个名为InCat的创业激情交付一艘渡轮的业务,可以促进渡船运输和船舶生产私人客户,服务提供者和军事(Carland et al .,2015)。鲍勃的愿景导致了国际品牌和超过三分之一的全球市场份额(Storey, 2016)。

进一步得出结论,他的激情和能力为他提供了一个独特的灵活性和易于操作的组织,满足他的个人利益航行与识别提供了渡轮生产的市场领导者,基于渡轮的运输解决方案中(费舍尔et al .,2014)。此外，Bob需要广泛的技能，这些技能可以相互补充，比如冒险技能和所有权，这使他领导组织，甚至是他自己的最基本的操作(Zolin, 2015)。可以得出这样的结论:他之所以选择匿名，是因为他获得了著名的成功。

It is identified through this report that the entrepreneur was motivated by the childhood activities of fishing and being on ferry that encouraged and developed an entrepreneurial passion to deliver a ferry business named InCat that can facilitate ferry transport and production of ships to the private customers, service providers and military (Carland et al., 2015). The vision of Bob resulted in the international brand and more than one third of the global market share (Storey, 2016).

It is further to conclude that his passion and skills have provided him with a unique flexibility and ease of operating the organization that fulfils his personal interest of sailing and provides with the recognition for being the market leader in ferry production, ferry based transport solutions among more (Fisher et al., 2014). Moreover, Bob entails a wide range of skills that complement one another such as risk taking skills and ownership which makes him lead the organization and conduct even the most basic of the operations himself (Zolin, 2015). It can be concluded that he has chosen anonymity over recognition for the renowned success.

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本报告向Bob Clifford提出了两个截然不同的未来建议:通过InCat进行产品多样化:该组织可以生产与目前的开发类似的不同种类的船舶，以达到市场份额的增加，但不能通过目前的模型(Shepherd, 2015)。这不仅将增加本组织现有的消费者基础，而且还能使其他部分的船舶生产的消费者(Zolin, 2015)获得消费者。有许多不同的服务提供商，他们采用不同的船舶类型，目前的产品将使组织增长和提高盈利能力。

渡船制造商的收购:替代或后续建议将收购竞争对手能提供增加的技术发展和资源以增加的大小组织的人力资本和金融资本发展和提供更大的和环境友好船只(Baum et al .,2014)。

Two distinct future suggestions are provided in this report to Bob Clifford: Product diversification through InCat: The organization can produce different kinds of ships similar to the present developments in order to reach increased share of market that cannot be penetrated through the present models (Shepherd, 2015). This will not only increase the present consumer base of the organization but also attain the consumers of the other segments of the ship production (Zolin, 2015). There are a wide range of service providers that employ different ship types that the present offerings will enable the organizational growth and increased profitability.

Acquisition of ferry manufacturer: The alternative or subsequent suggestion will be to acquire a competitor that can provide with the increased technological development and resources in order to increase the size of the organization in terms of the human capital and financial capital to develop and deliver larger and environment friendly ships (Baum et al., 2014).

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鲍勃创立和发起的业务类型是渡船和船只。自组织和发展初期渡轮(Kuratko, 2016)以来，鲍勃一直在生产渡轮和便利渡轮运输。该组织因高速双体船而受到欢迎。该组织为特别服务提供商、军队和渡轮运营商提供解决方案。InCat公司致力于利用铝船技术(Kozubikova et al.， 2015)。该品牌后来国际化，以打入全球市场。通过研究发现，在轮渡业务中，全球市场份额超过40%是由他的组织InCat (Schaper et al.， 2014)实现的。

该业务的主要竞争优势在于缺乏具有类似经验水平的竞争对手。考虑到在造船和渡轮上的广泛经验，使市场对领导者的理解成为了InCat，这使得更多的客户能够吸引更多的客户(Kuratko et al.， 2015)。此外，世界上大量的市场份额提供了对轮渡消费者的信任因素，因为这些组织能够在轮渡的经营市场中享有竞争优势。该组织被认为是在消费者分配的预算中及时交付船舶的市场领导者(Schaper, 2016)。因此，可以认为，Bob的组织已经开发了必要的竞争优势以确保全球市场份额(Kuratko et al.， 2015)。此外，它还履行了对客户不断变化和不断增长的要求的精确责任和所有权。

The type of business founded and initiated by Bob was of ferry and boats. Bob has been producing the ferries and facilitating the ferry transport since the emergence of the organization and development of the initial ferry (Kuratko, 2016). The organization is popular for the high speed catamaran. The organization provides solutions to the special service providers, militaries and ferry operators. InCat is engaged in utilizing the technology of aluminum ship (Kozubíková et al., 2015). The brand was later internationalized to reach the global market. It is found through the research that more than 40 per cent on the global market share in the ferry business has been achieved by his organization InCat (Schaper et al., 2014).

The primary competitive advantage of the business is found to be in the lack of competitors with the similar level of experience. It is to consider that the extensive experience in building ships and ferries had made the market perception of the leader to be InCat and this enables to attract more customers to the business (Kuratko et al., 2015). Moreover, the substantial market share in the world provides with the factor of trust to the consumers of ferries due to which the organizations are able to enjoy the competitive advantages in the operating market of ferries. The organization is identified to be the market leader in delivering the vessels in a timely manner within the budget allocated by the consumers (Schaper, 2016). Hence, it can be considered that the organization of Bob has developed the required competitive advantage to secure the global market share (Kuratko et al., 2015). Additionally, it has been performed with the precise accountability and ownership of the changing and growing requirements of the clientele.

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美国公司各种资本结构的描述性统计。这表明，大多数美国公司的资本结构都是长期负债，而非负债。对于大多数变量来说，意义的级别并不重要。一些资本结构变量如销售，负债，资产是决定公司资本结构的重要因素，而不考虑国家。净销售额、负债、债务和资产是任何公司的增长因素。在这种情况下，美国所有公司的资产和负债相关性几乎为零。资本结构清楚地表明了负债在资产负债表中的价值。

债务或者说是杠杆是任何公司资本结构的重要组成部分。R . vale指出，长期债务是美国所有公司资本结构的关键因素。债务与其他公司的可变资产的价值和现金储备。上述分析表明，债务相当于其资产，因此资本结构在较长时期内是强劲的。债务对美国许多公司的价值相当于公司资产的贝塔值。这有利于公司资本结构的财务理论。公司的资本结构是重要的部分，因为这有助于金融当局和政府在更长的时间内决定公司的实力。所有未来的投资都取决于公司强大的资本结构。在上述情况下，美国的大多数公司都是通过降低杠杆率来关注其强大的资本结构。总的来说，这一分析得出的结论是，美国公司高度依赖其资产、收入和股权投资。

Descriptive statistics for various capital structures for the firms in USA
This indicates that most of the US Firms have long term debt than liabilities in their capital structure. The level of significance for most of the variable is not important. Some of the capital structure variables like sales, liabilities, assets are the important factors in deciding the company’s capital structure irrespective of the country.
The net sales, liabilities, debts and assets are the growth factors for any company. In this case, the assets and liabilities correlations are almost zero for all companies in USA. The capital structure clearly indicates the value of debt in their balance sheet.

Debt or say as leverage is the important part in any firm’s capital structure. The R vale indicates that long term debt is the critical factor in the capital structure among all the firms in USA. The debt against all other firm’s variable where the value of assets and its cash & reserve. The above analysis indicates that debt is equivalent to its assets and hence the capital structure is strong for longer term. The value of debt to many of the firms in USA is equivalent to the firm’s assets as indicated through the beta value. This is in favor of the financial theories for the firm’s capital structure. Capital structure of the firms is the significant part as this helps the financial authorities and the governments to decide the strengthening of the firm in longer term. All future investments depend on the strong capital structure of the firm. In the above scenario, it is indicated that in USA most of the firms focus on their strong capital structure by reducing their leverage. Overall, it is concluded in this analysis that USA firms are highly dependent on its assets, revenue and equity based investments.

21世纪的企业家是进步的，充满活力的，具有良好的领导能力。他们具有这样的特点，不仅帮助他们成长，而且使他们在竞争激烈的商业环境中变得有竞争力。这份报告是基于这样一位企业家的，即鲍勃·克利福德。这位企业家施展了他的创业技能，发现了机会，并提出了想法。这种身份证明帮助他在今天取得了巨大的成功和盈利。这份报告强调了他的成就，并推荐了他未来的商业方向。

这份报告分析了一位名叫鲍勃•克利福德的澳大利亚企业家。该报告将讨论企业家的背景，以评估企业家激情的发展。它将讨论个体为发展理念和认识机会所采用的企业家特征和过程(Bae等人，2014)。本报告将进一步阐述已开发的业务类型，并将评估该组织的竞争优势，并将其与业务市场进行比较(Baum et al.， 2014)。此外，未来的建议将提供给鲍勃·克利福德，涉及他所能采取的各种途径和业务。将描述企业家与业务的完整概述，以确定为本报告所选择的企业家的完整概要。

The entrepreneurs of the 21st century are progressive, dynamic and have good leadership skills. They possess such characteristics that not only help them to grow but also allow them to become competitive in the highly competitive business environment. This report is based on the one of such entrepreneurs, namely Bob Clifford. This entrepreneur threw his entrepreneurial skills, identified opportunities and developed ideas. Such identifications helped him to be highly successful and profitable today. This report highlights his achievements and recommends on his future business direction.

This report analyses an Australian entrepreneur called Bob Clifford. The report will discuss the entrepreneur’s background for the assessment of the entrepreneurial passion’s development. It will discuss the entrepreneurial characteristics and the processes employed by the individual for the development of idea and recognition of opportunity (Bae et al., 2014). This report will further elaborate on the business type that has been developed and it will assess the competitive advantages of the organization as compared within the operating market (Baum et al., 2014). Furthermore, the future recommendations will be provided for Bob Clifford involving the varied avenues and businesses that can be taken by him. The complete overview of the entrepreneur along with the business will be described in order to determine the complete profile of the entrepreneur that is selected for the purpose of this report.

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考虑到动机是Bob最强大的特征之一，他仍然专注于建造船只，即使他的第一艘渡轮被拒绝，他仍然致力于开发更复杂的功能设计和渡轮(Kuratko et al.， 2015)。此外，作为一种特性的创造力可以从由Bob开发的广泛的设计范围来看。他不仅坚持不懈，而且对开发的ferries (Ducker, 2014)的销售也很有说服力。他在创立InCat的初始阶段(Zolin, 2015)承担了所有可能的职位的组织角色，他是全能的。最重要的是，Bob承担了风险承受力、视野、商业技能和驾驶的特征，他在组织中担任主要领导者，不仅忽视了船只的设计和建造，而且还忽略了组织的管理(Fisher et al.， 2014)。

Bob的其他一些创业特征是灵活性和开放性。这是显而易见的，目前组织队长的位置已经被鲍勃接管了。这个职位需要广泛的投入，而且时间很长，但他对水运的热情使他能够在发展国际品牌的情况下继续工作(Baum et al.， 2014)。人们发现，鲍勃是澳大利亚最灵活的企业家之一，因为他不仅担任了船长的职务，还负责运送渡轮，而且实际上是在运河船上管理着这个组织。因此，在Bob的日常活动中，领导技能和业务管理技能是很明显的。

It is to consider that motivation is one of the strongest characteristics of Bob as he had remained focused and determined to build the boats even when his first ferry was rejected, he remained dedicated to develop more sophisticated and functional designs and ferries (Kuratko et al., 2015). Furthermore, the creativity as a characteristic can be viewed from the extensive range of designs that were developed by Bob. He was not only persistent but also persuasive regarding the sales of the developed ferries (Ducker, 2014). He consisted of versatility as he undertook the organizational role of all the possible positions at the initial stages of founding InCat (Zolin, 2015). Most importantly, Bob entails the characteristics of risk tolerance, vision, business skills and drive as he operated as a primary leader in the organization that overlooked not only the designs and construction of the boats but also the management of the organization (Fisher et al., 2014).

Some of the other entrepreneurial characteristics of Bob are the flexibility and open-mindedness. This is evident as presently the position of the organizational captain has been taken up by Bob. This position requires extensive dedication and it is time consuming but his passion for the water transport has enabled him to remain working despite of developing an international brand (Baum et al., 2014). It is found that Bob is one of the most flexible entrepreneurs in Australia as he not only undertakes the position of Captain which makes him responsible for the delivery of ferries but also manages the organization virtually from a canal boat itself. Hence, the leadership skills and business management skills are evident in the daily activities of Bob.

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研究发现，罗伯特·鲍勃·弗雷德里克·克利福德·奥博士出生在澳大利亚的塔斯马尼亚岛(Carland and Carland, 2015)。鲍勃有三个儿子，分别是克雷格、金和罗汉。在最初的几年里，鲍勃是一名专门的游艇爱好者，喜欢在学校、周末和学校假期(Carland et al.， 2015)中航行。当鲍勃开始工作的时候，他觉得他的帆船运动很痛苦。在上学期间，鲍勃在几个科目上都失败了，这让他很惊讶，因为他甚至在木工方面都失败了。他的父亲是屠夫，在很大程度上没有帮助鲍勃。当他在起居室里(Fisher et al.， 2014)制作了一艘14英尺长的木船时，这位木工老师大吃一惊。在他退休后，大部分童年时光都是和他父亲一起度过的。

在这之后，他说服自己继续留在水里，因为他已经钓了十年了。正是这种对水和航行的热情不仅激发了鲍勃，也创造了他的创业激情(Kozubikova et al.， 2015)。鲍勃已经开始在他的房子的后院建造渡船在它被商业化之前。他从事渡轮业务大约八年，并专门花时间设计和建造渔船和帆船或渡轮(Carland et al.， 2015)。因此，人们可以认为，正是由于对水运的强烈热情，才使鲍勃获得了他所取得的成功。当塔斯曼大桥于1975年坍塌时，鲍勃最终运营了两个轮渡业务，提升到五艘渡轮。

It has been identified from the research that Dr. Robert Bob Frederick Clifford AO was born in Tasmania, Australia (Carland and Carland, 2015). Bob has three sons namely Craig, Kim and Rohan. In the initial years, Bob was a dedicated yachtsman that enjoyed sailing after the school, during weekends, and school holidays (Carland et al., 2015). When Bob started to work, he felt that his sailing activities are suffering. During the schooling, Bob had failed in several subjects and this was surprising as he even failed in woodwork. His father was a butcher and did not assist Bob in much of the efforts. The woodwork teacher was taken by a surprise when he delivered a 14 foot long wooden boat that he developed in the living room (Fisher et al., 2014). Much of the childhood was spent with his father after his retirement on fishing.

After this, he convinced himself to remain on the water due to which he was fishing for over a decade. It is the passion for being on water and sailing that has not only motivated Bob but also created his entrepreneurial passion (Kozubíková et al., 2015). Bob has initiated to build the ferries in the backyard of his house before it was commercialized. He entered in the business of ferries for about eight years and dedicated the time to design and build boats for fishing and sailing or ferries (Carland et al., 2015). Therefore, it can be considered that it was the strong passion for the water transport that provided with the pathway to Bob for the success that he has attained. Bob eventually operated two ferry operations that enhanced to five ferries as the Tasman Bridge collapsed in 1975.

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在自由化之前，许多银行被迫使用配额信贷。对贷款和利率有控制。这必然意味着银行不会使用价格来将贷款供应和需求因素联系起来。由于这一点，对债务的需求增加了。这通常意味着有更多的借款人只是被延长了。由于放松管制，有必要减少信贷。在放松管制的同时，经济活动中出现了周期性回升。他们被发现分享利润。基本面的改善被认为是真实资产价格的合理增长(Booth et al.， 2001)。这些都被发现是投机性的增长，而不是由基本面决定的。在公司内部，资产价格的增加被发现为提高杠杆率提供了一种动力，这是由于名义利息的税收可抵扣性。这些名义利息支付被发现在这两个部分之间是分开的。如果借贷利率被发现增加更多的通货膨胀，可以增加税收减免，通货膨胀可以创造。这些可以被更高的借贷成本完全抵消。

还有一种综合措施衡量债务的实际成本。在均衡的情况下，债务的成本被发现会给溢价带来风险。它们必须等于所有者权益的成本。但是，平衡条件不是连续的。在发现借款利率随通货膨胀而增加的情况下，将增加税收减免。这些被发现完全被较高的借贷成本所抵消。当发现债务的成本上升时，就会发现它们相对于股票的成本。这些预计将随着传动装置的增加而增加。

这些都是公司层面和宏观环境分析的一部分，需要考虑到公司的资本结构。

Before liberalization, many of the banks were forced to utilize the ration credit. There were controls on the lending and interest rates. This invariably meant banks will not use prices to associate the loan supply along with the demand factors. Owing to this there is increased demand for the debt. This is often meant to mean that there are higher numbers of borrowers that are simply lengthened. Owing to the deregulation there is a need to ration credit disappeared. In the same time in the deregulation there was a cyclical pick-up within economic activity. These were found to share towards the profits. The improvement in the fundamentals is found to be legitimate increase in the real asset prices (Booth et al., 2001). These are found to set of speculative increases and not justified by the fundamentals. Within the firm the increase in the asset prices are found to provide an incentive towards the higher leverages owing to the tax deductibility of the nominal interest. These nominal interest payments are found to be separated between the two components.

If the borrowing rates are found to increase more with the inflation there can be increased tax deduction that the inflation can create. These can be completely offset by the higher borrowing costs. There is also the aggregate measure of the real cost of debt with the aggregate measure. In the cases of equilibrium, the cost of debt is found to put risk on the premium. They must be equal to the cost of equity. However, the equilibrium conditions are not continuous. In the cases where the borrowing rates are found to increase with the inflation there will be increased tax deduction. These are found to be completely offset by the higher borrowing costs. When the costs of the debt are found to be rising, it is found that they are relative to the cost of the equity. These are expected to be increased with the gearing. These are some of the firm level and the macro environmental analysis that needs to be considered with the case of capital structure of the firm.

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权衡理论被认为是允许破产的考虑。利用债务作为税收挡箭牌的好处是可以受益的。债务融资有许多好处。下一个理论是啄食顺序理论。这被发现包含了不对称信息的成本。还有一些公司被发现优先考虑融资的来源。内部融资是考虑在内的。在这方面，债务被发现是公司的选择，它可以独立于公司的外部财务。资本结构替代理论的基础是公司的管理可以操纵资本结构(Kayhan和Titman, 2007)。这不是一个规范性模型。这是三种代理成本。资产替代效应。这是债务与股本比率的增加，对公司承担任何风险的激励将会较小。在这个范例中，净现值被发现减少了。有一个投资不足的问题被用来拒绝积极的NPV项目。除此之外还有自由现金流。这是给投资者的，管理层被发现有破坏公司价值的动机。

这些是解释公司资本结构的主要因素和理论。

影响公司资本结构决策的宏观经济和企业层面因素。

在中等规模的情况下，公司必须表现出对外部证券的内部资金的偏好。在适度范围内，在这些情况下，对外部资金的要求是，公司必须倾向于债务而不是股权。这是对内部资金的偏好。在公司现金流和对债务的依赖之间形成的消极关系中，这些必须是显而易见的。有各种各样的成本与外部财务相关。这些信息在信息不对称中被发现较低。有各种各样的显性和隐性成本与财务相关。这些公司与不同的利益相关者之间的关系比较低。这些公司的利益相关者包括债权人、股东、债权人、客户和雇员。在大公司的案例中发现更多(Booth等人，2001)。

The trade-off theory is found to allow bankruptcy that is considered. There is the benefit of using the offset to benefit of using the debt as tax shield. There are many advantages of the financing with the debt. The next theory is the pecking order theory. This is found to encompass the costs of asymmetric information. There are also companies that is found to prioritize the sources of the financing. There is internal financing that is considered. In this the debt is found to be the choice of the firm that can act as independently of the external finances of the company. The capital structure substitution theory is based on the hypothesis that the management of the company can manipulate the capital structure (Kayhan, and Titman, 2007). This is not a normative model. These are three kinds of agency costs. The asset substitution effect. This is the debt-to-equity ratio increases there will be lesser incentives for the company to undertake any risks. The Net present value is found to be reduced in this paradigm. There is underinvestment problem that is used to reject the positive NPV projects. Apart from this there is free cash flow. This is given to the investors and the management is found to have an incentive to destroy the firm value.