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权衡理论被认为是允许破产的考虑。利用债务作为税收挡箭牌的好处是可以受益的。债务融资有许多好处。下一个理论是啄食顺序理论。这被发现包含了不对称信息的成本。还有一些公司被发现优先考虑融资的来源。内部融资是考虑在内的。在这方面，债务被发现是公司的选择，它可以独立于公司的外部财务。资本结构替代理论的基础是公司的管理可以操纵资本结构(Kayhan和Titman, 2007)。这不是一个规范性模型。这是三种代理成本。资产替代效应。这是债务与股本比率的增加，对公司承担任何风险的激励将会较小。在这个范例中，净现值被发现减少了。有一个投资不足的问题被用来拒绝积极的NPV项目。除此之外还有自由现金流。这是给投资者的，管理层被发现有破坏公司价值的动机。

这些是解释公司资本结构的主要因素和理论。

影响公司资本结构决策的宏观经济和企业层面因素。

在中等规模的情况下，公司必须表现出对外部证券的内部资金的偏好。在适度范围内，在这些情况下，对外部资金的要求是，公司必须倾向于债务而不是股权。这是对内部资金的偏好。在公司现金流和对债务的依赖之间形成的消极关系中，这些必须是显而易见的。有各种各样的成本与外部财务相关。这些信息在信息不对称中被发现较低。有各种各样的显性和隐性成本与财务相关。这些公司与不同的利益相关者之间的关系比较低。这些公司的利益相关者包括债权人、股东、债权人、客户和雇员。在大公司的案例中发现更多(Booth等人，2001)。

The trade-off theory is found to allow bankruptcy that is considered. There is the benefit of using the offset to benefit of using the debt as tax shield. There are many advantages of the financing with the debt. The next theory is the pecking order theory. This is found to encompass the costs of asymmetric information. There are also companies that is found to prioritize the sources of the financing. There is internal financing that is considered. In this the debt is found to be the choice of the firm that can act as independently of the external finances of the company. The capital structure substitution theory is based on the hypothesis that the management of the company can manipulate the capital structure (Kayhan, and Titman, 2007). This is not a normative model. These are three kinds of agency costs. The asset substitution effect. This is the debt-to-equity ratio increases there will be lesser incentives for the company to undertake any risks. The Net present value is found to be reduced in this paradigm. There is underinvestment problem that is used to reject the positive NPV projects. Apart from this there is free cash flow. This is given to the investors and the management is found to have an incentive to destroy the firm value.

These are some of the major factors and theories that explain the capital structure of the firm
Macroeconomic and Firm Level Factors Affecting Capital Structure Decision of Firms
In the cases of moderate ranges, the firms must exhibit preference for the internal funds over the external securities. Within the moderate ranges, there is requirement for the external funds in these cases the firms must prefer debt to equity. There is the preference for the internal funds. These must be evident in the negative relationship that forms between the firms’ cash flow and the reliance on debt. There are various costs that are associated with the external finances. These are found to be lower for the informational asymmetries. There are various explicit and implicit costs that are associated with the finances. These are found to be lower for the firms with the various stakeholders. These stakeholders for the companies include debt holders, equity holders, creditors, customers and employees. There are found to be more in the cases of larger firms (Booth et al., 2001).

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通过对楔形分析的简单和完整方法的分析，确定了楔形法的理论分析方法。通过使用似乎使用非垂直接口的多个楔子，可以清楚地看到这一点。将广义楔入法确定为力和力矩平衡，并与动力学条件进行解释。充分调动的力量是充分的结构在分离的楔形和成就的楔形是适当的允许说明楔形的可容许性。阐述了初始楔形基方法的结构，提出了初始楔形基的解决方案和问题。该模型的结构是建立在模型的基础上的，是基于广义模型的，对边坡稳定性分析具有一定的适用性。

在安全性方面，可以很容易地定义受欢迎的因素，并说明了在抗剪强度上可用的数量。为了使边坡达到极限平衡的初始状态，必须降低剪切强度的大小。因此，在有效剪切的概念下，可以很容易地表达出破坏表面的剪应力。 t = 1 / F *(c ‘ + ‘ tanØ’) 在考虑坡度的情况下，将其斜率表示为具有相变表面的均质材料，并将其离散化为3个楔形。自由身体图简单地解释了个体的楔形，并指示作用在它们上的力，显示了被动员的剪切力和摩擦强度被用来定义作用在每个楔形上的力。个人符号可以被增强的定义描述我=编号,l =两边的长度,ξ=动员剪切强度的内聚组件的内部表面,如果=动员的内聚组件剪切强度和外部故障似乎封闭质量下滑。

The theoretical analysis of the Wedge method is defined by way of the analysis which is being made by the illustrating the simple and the complete method of the wedge analysis. It is clearly demonstrated by using the multiple wedges that seem to be using the non-vertical interfaces. The generalized wedge method is determined to be the force and the moment equilibrium which is made to be explained along with the kinetic conditions. The fully mobilized strengths are fully structured on both the separation of the wedges and the achievement of the wedges is appropriately allowed for illustrating the admissibility of the wedges. The structure of the initial wedge based methods was illustrated to be addressing the solutions and the problems which are illustrating to be initial wedge based solutions. The structure, for the purpose of constituting the model, is illustrated to be based on the generalized model which is adequate for the slope stability analysis.

The well-accepted factors can be easily defined regarding the safety, and the amount is illustrated to be available on the shear strength. The amount of the shear strength must be reduced for the purpose of bringing the slope to its initial state of the limiting equilibrium. Due to this, the shear stress on the failure surface can be easily expressed concerning effective shear concept.
t = 1/F*(c’+a’ tanØ’) As per the slope is being considered, the slope is indicated to be made up of the homogeneous materials with a phreatic surface and the discretization into the three wedges can be depicted. The free body diagrams simply explain the individual wedges and indicate the forces that are acting on them with showing the mobilized shear and the frictional strength is being used for defining the forces acting on each wedge. The individual symbols can be depicted by the enhancement of the definition which is i= side numbering, l= length of the sides, Xi= mobilization of the cohesive component of the shear strength at the internal surfaces, Si= Mobilization of the cohesive component of the shear strength and the outer failure that seems to be enclosing the slipping mass.

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数值分析:采用有限元法计算边坡的位移场和应力场。因此，各元素的稳定性系数和滑动面均采用岩石和土壤强度准则计算。工程应用类比:与实际坡度设计的人工坡度比较。对其稳定性进行了评价，得出了合理的坡度和坡度角。

楔形法是最简单的边坡稳定性分析方法。平面滑移面在楔形破坏中，斜向水平方向倾斜。在平面面情况下，滑移交叉口可以在坡面进行分析，或通过坡脚。伪静态分析的安全系数可以通过以下方式得到: 总应力分析包括土的应力参数，通常为粘性土的应力参数。在有效应力分析中，通常为无粘性土进行有效的应力土参数。因此，为了达到以下目的，应该知道孔隙水压力和滑移面。水位以上的土层和孔隙水压力假定为零。如果水表处于水平位置，而土壤在地下水位以下，则水表下方的孔隙水压力为流体静力。倾斜水位下的流网可以估算为地下水位以下的孔隙水压力。该方法被认为是估计边坡稳定性的最简单形式。计算是基于楔形法的。在对研究进行的分析中，分析清楚地解释了研究中解释的方法的结构。该机制的改进为计算边坡确定的故障提供了合适的机制。水的压力可以很容易地说明结构强度。

Numerical analysis: The finite element method is used to calculate the displacement field and stress field of the slope.Hence, the stability coefficient of each element and the sliding surface are calculated by using the rock and soil strength criterion. Practical engineering applications analogy: Comparison of the man-made slope which is designed with the practical slopes. These are experienced to evaluate its stability, produce a reasonable slope and slope angle.

Wedge method: Wedge method is the simplest analysis about the slope stability. Planar slip surface is there in the wedge failure which inclined at the angle to the horizontal. In the case of the planar surface, slip intersection can analyse at the slope face or pass through slope toe. The safety factor for the pseudo-static analysis can be obtained by the following way: The total stress analysis includes the stress parameters of the soil which is often performed for the cohesive soils. In the effective stress analysis, the effective stress soil parameters are often performed for the cohesionless soils. Thus, for the following purpose, the pore water pressures along with the slip surface should be known. The soil layers above the water table and the pore water pressures are assumed to be zero. If the water table is in the horizontal position and soil is below the water table, then the pore water pressure below the water table would be hydrostatic. The flow net in the sloping water table can be estimated as the pore water pressures below the water table. The method is considered as the simplest form for the estimation of the slope stability. The calculation is based on the wedge method. As per the analysis is being undertaken for the study, the analysis clearly explains the structure of the method which is being explained by the study. The enhancement of the mechanism provides the appropriate mechanism for calculating the slope defined failures. The pressure of the water can be easily illustrated for the structural strength.

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公司或其他公司层面的投资通常是由公司组织根据研究的金融组合进行的。任何投资的目标都是确保公司有公平的回报和最大的价值。在理解投资方面的观点，比如他讨论的过度投资和投资不足，可以用上下文来分析。在投资不足的情况下，可能会发生这样的情况:投资的净现值将会增加到债券持有者身上。股东收益在这里受到冲击。这就导致了杠杆率更高的情况;然而，这种情况发生的代价是财务灵活性的降低。有了这一点，一个提供增长机会的微环境问题也会被添加进来，从而导致更多的问题需要处理。然后，经理们可能会采取杠杆比率的预防措施，导致投资与之前提到的杠杆之间的负关系效应。因此，投资必须谨慎决定。

注意过度投资的情况。在过度投资的情况下，管理者和股东之间可能存在冲突问题。这些冲突背后的原因是，一些集团希望将负面的NPV投资视为改善公司规模的一种方式。在围绕公司资本结构的诸多问题的背景下，本文为伦敦的一家投资公司准备了一份报告，该公司对影响公司资本结构决策的因素进行了调查。选择分析的国家是联合王国，并根据公司的水平和宏观经济分析，向管理委员会提出相关的调查结果和相关性。详细的理论资料也为观众的利益而增加。

Financing in firms or other corporate level investments are usually carried out by corporate organisations based on well researched financial mix. The goal of any investment is to ensure that there is a fair return and maximisation of value for the firm. The argument of Myers in the context of understanding investments for instance, where he discusses over investments and under-investment’s, can be analysed in context. In the case of under-investment, it could so happen that positive net present values in investment will accrue to debt holders. The accrual to shareholders takes a hit here. This causes the situation of a higher leverage ratio; however, this happens at the cost of less financial flexibility. With this, the issues of a micro environment that offers for growth opportunities also gets added in, leading to more issues to handle. Then managers might end up taking preventive action in leverage ratios, causing negative relationship effects between investment and the leverage that was noted earlier.

Investment hence has to be carefully decided upon. Secondly, note the case of over investment. In the case of over investment, it is possible that there could be issues of conflict between managers and shareholders. The reasoning behind these conflicts is because some groups would want to look into negative NPV investment as a way to improve the scale of the firm. In the context of the many issues surrounding a company’s capital structuring, this report is prepared for an investment company in London for which an investigation into factors affecting company’s capital structure decisions are assessed. The country chosen for analysis is the United Kingdom, and based on firm level and macroeconomic analysis, findings and correlations of relevance are presented to the management board. Detailed theoretical material is also added for the benefit of the audience.

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通过上述讨论和文献回顾，发现在认识到投资收益的机会时，股票市场泡沫基本形成。这个机会可以是基于新技术或新市场，而大多数投资者追随最初的投资者，比如行为。以下投资者在没有对股票进行个人分析的情况下进行投资，只是在成本上升的基础上购买。人们发现，股票价格的上涨提供了投资者继续购买股票和其他投资者以利用不断上涨的价格的动机。然而，在试图实现利润最大化的过程中，投资者的认同往往忽略了估值过高的问题。由于股票市场是动态运作的，它们与积极和消极的反馈有关。

因此，投资的积累形成了一个积极的反馈回路，并将投资对象纳入到价格波动中。然而，股票市场的自我调整或调整发生在价格的增加吸引投资者卖出股票并限制投资者以更高的价格买入股票的时候。由于市场上出现了积极的反馈，市场上出现了不均衡状态，投资者的恐慌导致了股票的卖出数量的增加，这种波动是有限的。这种经济价值高估导致价格降低到股票的内在价值。这可以从本文讨论的股市泡沫中得出结论。

It is established through the above discussion and review of the literature that the stock market bubbles are essentially formed when the opportunity for the investment profitability is recognised. The opportunity can be either based on new technologies or new markets and majority of the investors follow the initial investors in a herd like behaviour. The following investors make their investment without conducting their personal analysis on the stock and simply buy it on the basis of the rising cost. It is found that the rising prices of the stock provides with the motivation to the investors to keep buying the stock and other investors to capitalise on the growing prices. However, in the attempt to maximise the profits, the concern of the overvaluation is often ignored after identification by the investors.